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Learn about dark patterns, fair patterns and much more

Willing to dig further on dark patterns? Here are curated resources, including hundreds of publications we analyzed in our R&D Lab, conferences, webinars and job opportunities to fight dark patterns.
Harper Glasscock has filed a federal class action lawsuit against major gaming companies including Activision Blizzard and Microsoft, claiming intentional design of video games to foster addiction, particularly among minors and young adults. The lawsuit claims that the use of dark patterns, feedback loops, reward systems, and patented technologies developed with insights from behavioral psychologists and neuroscientists have contributed to gaming addiction. The suit alleges brain damage, cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues as direct outcomes of video game addiction.
The Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM) fined Epic Games 1.1 million euros for exploiting children's vulnerabilities in its Fortnite game through unfair commercial practices and dark patterns. The fines were for phrases encouraging children to make purchases and deceptive countdowns pressuring quick purchases. Epic Games is required to cease these practices by June 10, 2024, by reducing uncertainty about item availability and extending decision periods for minors regarding purchases.
The US Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is suing online loan company SoLo Funds for deceptive practices. Despite advertising zero-interest loans, SoLo uses dark patterns to ensure borrowers pay a fee, disguised as a "tip" or "donation". The CFPB alleges that SoLo misrepresents the cost of loans, uses digital dark patterns to trick borrowers, makes false threats, and creates a "social credit" score without adequate safeguards. Between March 2018 and December 2022, SoLo received over $8 million in "donations" and lenders received almost $13 million in "tips".
Bank of America has agreed to an $8 million settlement in a class-action lawsuit over deceptive transfer fees. The lawsuit alleged that account holders were charged up to $10 for transfers that could have been conducted for free, due to the bank's misrepresentations and deceptive design.

Doris Maria Rhomberg and Hauke Sandhaus

This study reveals a gap in current User Experience (UX) assessment methods: the lack of consideration for ethical dimensions, particularly in addressing "dark patterns" in interface design. By adapting the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) and incorporating additional items to capture responses to unethical designs, the research examines user evaluations of social media dark patterns. Initial findings suggest that while conventional UX scores may not effectively identify unethical design, subscale measures show promise in this regard. Additionally, users demonstrate an ability to discern interfaces with addictive and coercive properties, highlighting potential pathways for enhancing UX assessment practices.

Reimers, Anna-Meeri

This master's thesis delves into the realm of dark patterns within the scope of EU consumer law. Examining the effectiveness of the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD), it questions whether the current legal framework adequately safeguards consumers against these deceptive design tactics. Through a thorough analysis of cognitive biases and legal provisions, the research proposes legislative amendments to better address the manipulation caused by dark patterns. Ultimately, it advocates for a revision of the average consumer benchmark to align more closely with the realities of consumer behavior influenced by these tactics.

Dark Patterns UX: The Dark Side of User Experience

In the digital world, "user experience" (UX) can sometimes involve dark patterns—designs that manipulate users into unwanted actions, causing frustration, loss of trust, and financial or health impacts.

Lujain Ibrahim, Luc Rocher and Ana Valdivia

The adoption of AI applications has increased user interactions through advanced interfaces, which significantly shape user behavior and perceptions. However, evaluations of AI systems often overlook the impact of anthropomorphic, deceptive, and immersive interfaces. The new conceptual model, Design-Enhanced Control of AI systems (DECAI), addresses this gap by using principles from control systems theory to assess AI interface designs. DECAI reveals the broader impacts of interface design, as demonstrated in a case study on conversational language models, and highlights the importance of fairness, transparency, and trust in AI interactions.
A lawsuit was filed on behalf of Ethan Zuckerman, a professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, arguing that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act protects the development of tools like his browser extension, Unfollow Everything 2.0. This tool allows Facebook users to control their online experiences by unfollowing friends, groups, and pages, and donating their data to academic research. The lawsuit seeks a declaration that Section 230 immunizes Zuckerman from civil liability or that the tool doesn't violate Meta's Terms of Service or relevant laws. The outcome is uncertain due to a novel interpretation of Section 230 and concerns about potential misuse of collected data.

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